Rhododendron cinnabarinum Hook. f.

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Article from Bean's Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles

Recommended citation
'Rhododendron cinnabarinum' from the website Trees and Shrubs Online (treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/rhododendron/rhododendron-cinnabarinum/). Accessed 2024-03-18.

Genus

Other taxa in genus

Glossary

calyx
(pl. calyces) Outer whorl of the perianth. Composed of several sepals.
campanulate
Bell-shaped.
clone
Organism arising via vegetative or asexual reproduction.
corolla
The inner whorl of the perianth. Composed of free or united petals often showy.
glabrous
Lacking hairs smooth. glabrescent Becoming hairless.
glaucous
Grey-blue often from superficial layer of wax (bloom).
subspecies
(subsp.) Taxonomic rank for a group of organisms showing the principal characters of a species but with significant definable morphological differentiation. A subspecies occurs in populations that can occupy a distinct geographical range or habitat.

Credits

Article from Bean's Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles

Recommended citation
'Rhododendron cinnabarinum' from the website Trees and Shrubs Online (treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/rhododendron/rhododendron-cinnabarinum/). Accessed 2024-03-18.

Straggling shrub, up to 7 m; young shoots scaly, often also pruinose. Leaves sometimes deciduous, 3–9 × 2.7–5 cm, broadly or narrowly elliptic, apex rounded, lower surface covered in fleshy narrowly rimmed, equal or unequal scales. Pedicels scaly. Flowers 2–7 per inflorescence, yellow or orange, to purple sometimes bicoloured, yellow and orange, usually with a waxy pruinose bloom, tubular to campanulate, 25–36 mm; stamens 10; ovary scaly, sometimes also puberulous, style usually glabrous. Flowering April-May. Royal Horticultural Society (1997)

Distribution  Myanmar N China S Tibet India W Bengal, Sikkim

Habitat 2,750–3,950 m

RHS Hardiness Rating H5

Conservation status Least concern (LC)

An evergreen shrub 6 to 10 ft high, sometimes taller, somewhat thin and sparse of habit, the branches long and slender, scaly when young. Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 34 to 114 in. broad; oval, tapering about equally to each end, glabrous, and of a greyish-green metallic lustre above, scaly beneath, and varying in colour from glaucous green to reddish brown; stalk 13 in. long. Flowers funnel-shaped, and like those of Lapageria, 114 to 2 in. long, very variable in colour; ordinarily of a dull cinnabar red, produced during May and June, from five to eight in terminal heads. In other forms the corolla is orange-red outside, yellowish within, sometimes greenish. Flower-stalk 13 in. long, scaly. Calyx with four short, broadish lobes, and one longer narrow one, or sometimes with all five nearly equal, scaly. Stamens ten, scarcely so long as the corolla, hairy at the base, (s. Cinnabarinum)

Native of the Himalaya from E. Nepal to the region of the Tsangpo bend and slightly beyond, but not reported from Burma or China; discovered by J. D. Hooker in Sikkim and introduced by him in 1850. This distinct and interesting species is remarkable for the variability of the colour of its flowers and of the undersurface of its leaves. But the differences between some of the intermediate forms are so unimportant that botanists regard them all of one species. The following variants, mostly only of horticultural interest, have been named:

From the Supplement (Vol. V)

The main distribution of the typical subspecies of R. cinnabarinum is from east Nepal to Bhutan, but Cox and Hutchison collected seed in the Assam Himalaya under their number 579. Some recent introductions from east Nepal are B. L. & M. 280 and Schilling 2470. An Award of Merit was given in 1977 to the clone ‘Nepal’, raised by J. B. Stevenson from Ludlow, Sherriff and Hicks 21283, shown by Hydon Nursery (foliage glaucous; flowers yellow passing to crimson at the base). The varieties aestivale, blandfordiiflorum and roylei are not recognised in the Edinburgh revision, but the last two could be retained as the Blandfordiiflorum and Roylei groups. The first could be taken as a clonal name, being based on a single garden plant.

subsp. xanthocodon (Hutch.) Cullen R. xanthocodon Hutch.; R. concatenans Hutch.; R. cinnabarinum var. pallidum Hook.f.; R. cinnabarinum var. purpurellum Cowan – The distinguishing characters given by Dr Cullen are: leaves relatively broader than in subsp. cinnabarinum, usually persistently lepidote above; flowers campanulate against tubular-campanulate. The flowers are variable in colour, certainly not always yellow or orange. This subspecies has a more easterly distribution than subsp. cinnabarinum, but there is a considerable overlap.

It has been suggested that the submerged name R. concatenans could be maintained as R. cinnabarinum subsp. xanthocodon Concatenans group, but there might be difficulty in defining such a group, given the variability of the plants raised from the seeds collected by Kingdon Ward and later by the Ludlow and Sherriff expeditions, and hitherto grown as R. concatenans.

† subsp. tamaense (Davidian) Cullen R. tamaense Davidian – This interesting rhododendron was described from specimens collected by Kingdon Ward in 1953 on the Tama Bum in The Triangle of northern Burma (the mountainous region between the two upper branches of the Irrawaddy) and was introduced by him (KW 21021). Its distinguishing characters are the almost deciduous leaves and the presence of scales on the outside of the corolla, which is campanulate and purple. Although it was not mentioned in the original description of R. tamaense, it was Farrer and not Kingdon Ward who discovered this rhododendron, some thirty-four years earlier (Farrer 1615, collected to the east of the type-locality).


subsp. cinnabarinum

Synonyms
R. blandfordiiflorum Hook.
R. roylei Hook.f.

Corolla scaly outside, most leaves evergreen; leaves relatively narrow, more than 2.2 × as long as broad; corolla usually more or less tubular-campanulate.

Distribution Nepal, India (W Bengal, Sikkim), Bhutan, China (S Tibet).

Habitat 2,750–3,950m.

Awards AM 1918 (Messrs Reuthe, Keston, Kent) to a clone ‘Magnificum’, as var. roylei; flowers exceptionally large, orange-red. AM 1953 (Crown Estate Commissioners, Windsor) to a clone ‘Vin Rose’, as var. roylei; flowers Currant Red outside, Blood Red inside, with a waxy bloom. AM 1977 (Hydon Nurseries Ltd, Godalming) to a clone ‘Nepal’, from L., S. & H. 21283; flowers yellow, becoming red at base. AM 1945 (Lord Aberconway, Bodnant) as var. blandfordiiflorum; flowers vermilion at base externally, paler above. AGM 1993, to a clone ‘Conroy’.


subsp. tamaense (Davidian) Cullen

Corolla lobes scaly outside; most leaves deciduous; corolla campanulate, purple.

Distribution N Burma.

Habitat 2,750–3,200m.

Awards AM 1978 (Maj. A.E. Hardy, Sandling Park, Kent) to a clone ‘Triangle’ of R. tamaense; flowers white in throat, flushed purple, spotted red-purple.

Taxonomic note (R. tamaense Davidian)

Subsp. tamaense, with a more Easterly distribution than the remaining subspecies, represents the end of a geographical cline.


subsp. xanthocodon (Hutch.) Cullen

Synonyms
R. concatenans Hutch.
R. xanthocodon Hutch.
R. cinnabarinum var. purpurellum Cowan Cowan

Corolla scaly outside, most leaves evergreen; leaves relatively broad, less than 2.2× as long as broad; corolla usually campanulate.

Distribution India (Arunachal Pradesh), Bhutan, China (S Tibet).

Habitat 3,050–3,950m.

Awards AM 1935 (L. de Rothschild, Exbury) from Kingdon-Ward 6026; flowers yellow. AM 1950 (Capt. c. Ingram, Benenden, Kent) to a clone ‘Copper’, as R. concatenans, from L. & S. 6560; flowers coral coloured, suffused with orange and red. FCC 1935 (Lt Col L.C.R. Messel, Nymans, Sussex) as R. concatenans, from Kingdon-Ward 5874; flowers apricot, flushed rose externally. There is some doubt that this plant is correctly named. AM 1951 (Capt. C. Ingram, Benenden, Kent) as var. purpurellum, from L. & S. 6349A. AGM 1993


var. aestivale Hutch

This name was given by Dr Hutchinson to a plant growing at Borde Hill, Sussex, which was unusually late-flowering (July) and had narrower leaves than normal.

var. blandfordiiflorum Hook

Flowers red outside, yellowish or greenish within. Bot. Mag., t. 4930. Introduced by J. D. Hooker. A plant of this character received an Award of Merit when shown from Bodnant on May 29, 1945.

var. pallidum

Synonyms
Bot. Mag ., t. 4788

Flowers pale pinkish purple, rather widely funnel-campanulate, slightly speckled. Like the preceding, this was raised from the seeds collected by Hooker.

var. purpurellum Cowan

Flowers shorter than in the type and campanulate, rich plum-purple. Described from Ludlow and Sherriff 1354, collected in the Tibetan Himalaya in 1936. Award of Merit May 1, 1951, when shown by Capt. Collingwood Ingram, Benenden, Kent (raised from Ludlow, Sherriff, and Taylor 6349).

var. roylei (Hook, f.) Hort.

Synonyms
R. roylei Hook. f

Flowers intense rosy red or plum crimson. It was originally described by J. D. Hooker as a species. A few years later he sunk it in R. cinnabarinum but in gardens the name R. roylei continued to be used by gardeners, ‘who, quite reasonably, refuse to call the dusky beauty by the same name as the smaller-flowered orange or madder-coloured one’ (W. Watson, Gard. Chron., Vol. 64 (1918), p. 38). A selection from the var. roylei, named ‘Magnificum’, received an Award of Merit when shown by Messrs Reuthe on May 7, 1918. This was described as having flowers dark crimson on the out­side, orange-red inside. The same award was given on May 19, 1953, to a clone named ‘Vin Rosé’, with flowers described as Currant Red outside, Blood Red inside, shown by the Crown Estate Commissioners, Windsor Great Park.R. cinnabarinum is a perfectly hardy species in a sheltered position, and needs only light shade. ‘This is one of those rhododendrons which looks its best when viewed with the sun behind a bush in flower. The effect is then dazzling, for there is a certain quality and brilliance added to the shining flowers, which is not noticeable when seen only against a dark background’ (Millais).R. cinnabarinum is a parent of many fine hybrids, the best known of which are the Lady Rosebery and Lady Chamberlain grexes. Details of these and others will be found in the section on hybrids.