Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook.f.

Trees to 40 m tall in forest conditions sometimes with a clear bole to 20 m, to 1 m dbh but usually less, shrubs in marginal conditions. True leaves on seedlings 5–10 mm long, 0.5–0.7 mm wide, with a midvein and stomata on underside. Phylloclades pinnately compound, pinnate segments bifacially flattened, leaf-like, very variable in shape and size, 1–13 cm long, 0.5–5 cm wide, usually more or less rhombic but parabolic to occasionally lanceolate also with entire to deeply dissected margins, the cut margins most common on young plants. Flushing phylloclades yellowish-green, reddish or rust-brown; then bright green maturing lustrous deep green above, pale green below, occasionally glaucous. Pollen cones borne from base of shoot or from a terminal bud, usually in a system with up to 15 cones, each on a 5–25 mm long peduncle subtended by a spathulate bract, sometimes with a few reduced phylloclades at their base, pollen cones 10–15 mm × 3 mm, pink or reddish ripening yellow. Seed cones axillary to reduced scale leaves on margins of phylloclades or in apical notch, or on terminal short branching systems without phylloclades, solitary with 2–3 together, each consisting of 1 to several bracts, 1–3 of which are fertile and merge to a red or purplish structure 5–7 mm long, which becomes slightly swollen and bright red (drying brown). Seeds 1 per fertile bract, each in a white or yellowish aril covering the lower half of the seed, 5–7 mm long, semi-ovoid (laterally flattened) with a small protrusion at apex, ripening chestnut brown. (Farjon 2017).

Distribution  Indonesia Borneo, Maluku, Sulawesi Malaysia Borneo Papua New Guinea Philippines

Habitat Across a significant altitudinal range in the tropics, from (300–)600–3500(–4000) m asl, forming a sizeable tree at lower elevations in mixed forests with Agathis spp. and various Podocarpaceae, Fagaceae and Lauraceae. In subalpine cloud-forest habitats trees are smaller, and associates include species of Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus and Podocarpus. At the tree line it is reduced to a stunted shrub, occurring in marginal habitat such as in rocky terrain or in bogs.

Conservation status Least concern (LC)